Axelrod, Robert & Cohen, Michael D. (1999). Harnessing complexity: Organizational implications of a scientific frontier. New York: The Free Press.
The Design of Organizations and Strategies
"1. What is the right balance between variety and uniformity?
2. What should interact with what and when?
3. Which agents or strategies should be copied and which should be destroyed?" (p.22-3)
"Agents, of a variety of types, use their strategies, in patterned interaction, with each other and with artifacts. Performance measures on the resulting events drive the selection of agents and/or strategies through processes of error-prone copying and recombination, the changing the frequencies of the types within the system." (p.154)
How Interaction Works
Proximity, factors determine how agents come to be likely to interact with each other.
Activation, factors determine the sequencing of their activity.
Spaces: Physical and Conceptual
External Methods of Changing Interaction Patterns
Barriers to Movement in Time and Physical Space
Barriers to Movement in conceptual space
Semi-permeable Barriers
Activation in Sequence or in Parallel
Internal Methods of Changing Interaction Patterns
Following another agent
Following a signal, people tend to move toward desirable signals
Forming Boundaries
Separating Time Scales
Redistributing Stress
Organizing routines
Restructuring of Physical and Conceptual Spaces